Joseph McCarthy was born on November 15, 1908 in the town of Appleton, Wisconsin. His parents were farmers and he attended classes at a one room schoolhouse through the eighth grade. As a teenager, he started a chicken business only to have disease wipe out the entire flock. He was left broke and forced to get a job at a local grocery store, where he was given the position of manager.
Within a year, he was transferred to the town of Manawa, where he was to manage a new grocery store. There, he attended high school, despite being twenty-one years old, and completed the curriculum in only nine months. Since he had earned excellent grades, he was accepted into Marquette University of Milwaukee in 1930, where he pursued a degree in law. While there, he coached the boxing team and was elected president of his law class.
In 1935, he earned his law degree and opened a law office in Waupaca. He left this position for an opening at a law firm in Shawano, where he was made a partner in 1937. In 1936, he made a run for the position of district attorney on the democratic ticket, but failed to win. In 1939, he made another political attempt to become a judge and managed to defeat the existing judge, who had served for 24 years. He was only thirty years old and became the youngest circuit judge ever elected in the state.
After winning the election, he moved back to his hometown of Appleton and began his judicial career. He was known as hard working, but was criticized for destroying court records and violating ethical codes. In 1942, he left his position to become a first lieutenant in the Marine Corps. He was placed in an intelligence unit in the Pacific, where he participated mainly in bombing runs.
After returning from World War 2, he sought nomination by the republican party for a position in the senate, but failed. A year later, he campaigned for his old position of judge and easily regained his office. Never one to accept defeat, he immediately formed plans for a 1946 campaign for the senate.
Despite facing a strong opponent, Robert La Follette (a senator of 21 years), McCarthy managed to win the republican nomination by a very small margin. In the general election, he defeated the democratic candidate with ease and was sent to Washington D.C.
During his early years in the senate, McCarthy worked on housing legislation and decreasing rationing. However, the main issue in the government at the time was fears of communist infiltration and McCarthy quickly joined the anti-communist movement. In 1950, he began his campaign of suspicion during a speech, accusing Secretary of State of knowing 205 communists in the state department.
McCarthy's accusations exploded on capitol hill, triggering the formation of a new investigative committee, headed by Senator Millard Tydings. The hearings first began on March 8, 1950 and McCarthy was not able to name any actual employee of the state department. On July 17, 1950, the committee reported that McCarthy's charges were unfounded, but McCarthy continued to accuse more people of being communist or knowing communist supporters.
Many people despised what they termed McCarthy's "witch hunt", but the anti-communist atmosphere at the time allowed him to continue throughout the early 1950s. He was investigated by a senate panel in 1952, which found unethical behavior in his political campaigning and tax filings, but no evidence that would hold up for prosecution. In spite of the report, he was reelected in 1952 with 54% of the votes.
In 1953, McCarthy became chairman of the Committee on Government Operations. His behavior in that post managed to anger everyone from fellow senators to the president after accusing the Eisenhower administration of sheltering communists. Eisenhower never publicly refuted the claims, but attempted to turn people away from McCarthy. That same year, McCarthy investigated the Army Signal Corps, but was unable to prove that an espionage ring existed there. He treated General Ralph Zwicker brutally during the investigation, causing many of his supporters to turn against his investigations.
In 1954, CBS broadcast a program that harshly criticized McCarthy's investigations and behavior. The army later released a report accusing McCarthy of pressuring the army to giving favored treatment to his former aide that had been drafted. In turn, he accused the army of holding the man as a hostage in order to put pressure on him and his investigations. The dispute was aired on television for several months and his behavior during the trials caused huge declines in his approval ratings. During the trials, he constantly interrupted people, calling for a point of order, which fueled parodies in opinion articles and cartoons.
After the trial ended, a committee in the senate investigated McCarthy and released a report referring to him as reprehensible, vulgar, insulting, and inexcusable. On December 2, 1954, the senate passed a resolution condemning McCarthy for abusing his power as senator, making the rest of his short senate career a quiet one.
McCarthy was a heavy drinker, which caused severe damage to his liver. In April of 1957, he was hospitalized for liver problems and died of hepatitis on May 2, 1957.
2008年2月20日星期三
The Capacitor
Capacitors are among the most commonly used components in electronics. Their construction is fairly simple, two metal plates and a dielectric layer separating them. Capacitors are very similar to batteries since they store electrical charge. However, capacitors must be charged with electricity, unlike batteries which produce their own using chemicals.
The capacitor's charge capacity depends upon the size of the metal plates. The larger the plates, the higher the charge and vice versa. The dielectric can be anything that disallows the plates from touching each other and discharging, but still allows the electric force to pass through. When charged, a capacitor gains the same voltage as the power source that was used to charge it.
The storage rating of a capacitor is based on the Farad unit. A capacitor with a capacitance rating of one Farad is capable of storing one coulomb of charge (6.25 x 10 ^ 18 electrons) at 1 volt. Although that many electrons seems like a lot, it can only power an average incandescent light bulb for about a minute.
The reason capacitors are used is often because of their quick discharge ability. A chemical reaction in a battery takes time, while the capacitor requires no chemical reaction to discharge electricity. This makes the capacitor a lot faster when it comes to discharging. That is why capacitors are used in cameras and lasers to create a bright flash, rather than batteries.
Capacitors are also used to make DC voltage constant. In power supplies, the voltage can vary. With a capacitor included, it makes up for a lack of voltage and absorbs the excessive voltage. This is necessary in sensitive electronic devices that require constant voltage supplies.
Capacitors are also used to block direct current. Since a capacitor connected in series with a power source is essentially a broken circuit, current cannot flow, once the capacitor is charged. However, alternating current can still flow when connected to a capacitor, since the voltage shifts and the capacitor charges and discharges. When capacitors are connected in parallel the total capacitance in the network is the sum of all the capacitance, Ct = C1+C2?Cn. For example if C1 was 10uF and C2 is 47uF the total capacitance is 57uF.
Two capacitors in parallel
When capacitors are connected in series the capacitance is given by 1/Ct = 1/C1+1/C2芒鈧?1/Cn.
Two capacitors in series
Capacitors are usually connected in series to increase the total voltage that can be connected between them; this is common with Tesla Coil Circuits as finding a capacitor with the exact capacitance and voltage would be almost impossible to find.
Special care must be taken with high voltage capacitors, such as capacitors where mains voltages (110-120v and 220-240) or the capacitors used in microwaves and TV sets and they can store enough charge to kill. Capacitors can store a charge for years after the power supply has been disconnected and the terminals should be shorted to remove the charge, some high voltage capacitors have leed resistors in them to drain the charge when the power is disconnected.
The different types of capacitors are generally named by the dielectric used in them, and have different purposes.
Aluminium electrolytic capacitors consist of one plate that is a chemical electrolyte and a dielectric that is an oxide on one side of the other metal plate. Aluminium electrolytic capacitors store the most charge in the smallest space with respect to other types of capacitors due to the oxide dielectric's amazing properties as an insulator. There are two main types of capacitor structural designs that you will run into when working with electronics. The two types are radial and axial. The radial design has both leads coming out of the same side of the capacitor. The axial design has one lead coming out of the center of each side, creating an axis.
An axial capacitor
Electrolytic capacitors are polarised, they can only be connected one way around. The polarity is indicated on the case of the capacitor, in most cases it will have an arrow pointing to the negative lead, but there are capacitors with arrows pointing to the positive as well. In the picture above the polarity arrow can be seen and is pointing to the negative terminal. The negative lead will also be shorter than the positive lead.
A radial capacitor
These capacitors are used in power supplies to smooth the voltage and anything that requires large energy storage, their capacity can range from as little as 0.22uF for filtering in audio circuits and they can have capacities beyond 10,000uF and even 100,000uF for filtering power supplies. Its impractical to use anything beyond 10,000uF capacitors in most cases as they are quite large and heavy. Almost all power supply circuits work satisfactorily with 2200uF.
The 100,000uF capacitor dwarfs the 33uF capacitor
Care must be taken to ensure electrolytic capacitors are not connected in reverse polarity, if they are the dielectric dissolves which allows high current to pass though the electrolyte which will vaporise and the built up pressure will be released with the capacitor bursting open with a loud bang if the capacitor is relatively small to the sound of an explosive detonating for large filter capacitors (3300uF or so). In some situations where reverse polarity will occur a special Bi-Polar electrolytic capacitor is used. They can be identified by having no polarity markings and have the letters printed on the case.
A variation on the electrolytic capacitor is the Tantalum capacitor, which uses tantalum film instead of aluminium. Tantalums contain electrolyte in dry form and are more resistant to reverse polarity than electrolytic but the polarity must still be correct.
A Tantalum capacitor
Ceramic capacitors also known as disc capacitors as they look like small discs offer small capacitances, the lowest being 1pF which is an extremely small storage capacity. They are used in bypassing and filtering circuits.
Polyester capacitors, also known as reencaps because of their appearance are the most common general purpose capacitor. Their values range from 10nF to 0.33uF or green caps and up to 10uF for MKT polyester capacitors.
Left: A polyester greencap capacitor; Right: Two ceramic disc capacitors
Article written by Mojo'D
The capacitor's charge capacity depends upon the size of the metal plates. The larger the plates, the higher the charge and vice versa. The dielectric can be anything that disallows the plates from touching each other and discharging, but still allows the electric force to pass through. When charged, a capacitor gains the same voltage as the power source that was used to charge it.
The storage rating of a capacitor is based on the Farad unit. A capacitor with a capacitance rating of one Farad is capable of storing one coulomb of charge (6.25 x 10 ^ 18 electrons) at 1 volt. Although that many electrons seems like a lot, it can only power an average incandescent light bulb for about a minute.
The reason capacitors are used is often because of their quick discharge ability. A chemical reaction in a battery takes time, while the capacitor requires no chemical reaction to discharge electricity. This makes the capacitor a lot faster when it comes to discharging. That is why capacitors are used in cameras and lasers to create a bright flash, rather than batteries.
Capacitors are also used to make DC voltage constant. In power supplies, the voltage can vary. With a capacitor included, it makes up for a lack of voltage and absorbs the excessive voltage. This is necessary in sensitive electronic devices that require constant voltage supplies.
Capacitors are also used to block direct current. Since a capacitor connected in series with a power source is essentially a broken circuit, current cannot flow, once the capacitor is charged. However, alternating current can still flow when connected to a capacitor, since the voltage shifts and the capacitor charges and discharges. When capacitors are connected in parallel the total capacitance in the network is the sum of all the capacitance, Ct = C1+C2?Cn. For example if C1 was 10uF and C2 is 47uF the total capacitance is 57uF.
Two capacitors in parallel
When capacitors are connected in series the capacitance is given by 1/Ct = 1/C1+1/C2芒鈧?1/Cn.
Two capacitors in series
Capacitors are usually connected in series to increase the total voltage that can be connected between them; this is common with Tesla Coil Circuits as finding a capacitor with the exact capacitance and voltage would be almost impossible to find.
Special care must be taken with high voltage capacitors, such as capacitors where mains voltages (110-120v and 220-240) or the capacitors used in microwaves and TV sets and they can store enough charge to kill. Capacitors can store a charge for years after the power supply has been disconnected and the terminals should be shorted to remove the charge, some high voltage capacitors have leed resistors in them to drain the charge when the power is disconnected.
The different types of capacitors are generally named by the dielectric used in them, and have different purposes.
Aluminium electrolytic capacitors consist of one plate that is a chemical electrolyte and a dielectric that is an oxide on one side of the other metal plate. Aluminium electrolytic capacitors store the most charge in the smallest space with respect to other types of capacitors due to the oxide dielectric's amazing properties as an insulator. There are two main types of capacitor structural designs that you will run into when working with electronics. The two types are radial and axial. The radial design has both leads coming out of the same side of the capacitor. The axial design has one lead coming out of the center of each side, creating an axis.
An axial capacitor
Electrolytic capacitors are polarised, they can only be connected one way around. The polarity is indicated on the case of the capacitor, in most cases it will have an arrow pointing to the negative lead, but there are capacitors with arrows pointing to the positive as well. In the picture above the polarity arrow can be seen and is pointing to the negative terminal. The negative lead will also be shorter than the positive lead.
A radial capacitor
These capacitors are used in power supplies to smooth the voltage and anything that requires large energy storage, their capacity can range from as little as 0.22uF for filtering in audio circuits and they can have capacities beyond 10,000uF and even 100,000uF for filtering power supplies. Its impractical to use anything beyond 10,000uF capacitors in most cases as they are quite large and heavy. Almost all power supply circuits work satisfactorily with 2200uF.
The 100,000uF capacitor dwarfs the 33uF capacitor
Care must be taken to ensure electrolytic capacitors are not connected in reverse polarity, if they are the dielectric dissolves which allows high current to pass though the electrolyte which will vaporise and the built up pressure will be released with the capacitor bursting open with a loud bang if the capacitor is relatively small to the sound of an explosive detonating for large filter capacitors (3300uF or so). In some situations where reverse polarity will occur a special Bi-Polar electrolytic capacitor is used. They can be identified by having no polarity markings and have the letters printed on the case.
A variation on the electrolytic capacitor is the Tantalum capacitor, which uses tantalum film instead of aluminium. Tantalums contain electrolyte in dry form and are more resistant to reverse polarity than electrolytic but the polarity must still be correct.
A Tantalum capacitor
Ceramic capacitors also known as disc capacitors as they look like small discs offer small capacitances, the lowest being 1pF which is an extremely small storage capacity. They are used in bypassing and filtering circuits.
Polyester capacitors, also known as reencaps because of their appearance are the most common general purpose capacitor. Their values range from 10nF to 0.33uF or green caps and up to 10uF for MKT polyester capacitors.
Left: A polyester greencap capacitor; Right: Two ceramic disc capacitors
Article written by Mojo'D
Robert De Niro
Robert De Niro was born on August 17, 1943 in New York City. Both of his parents were talented artists, but divorced when Robert was only two years old.
During his youth, Robert studied at the Little Red School House and High School of Music and Art. He dropped out when he was thirteen and joined a street gang in Little Italy. Although the gang performed some crimes, it was never anything serious and he was never incarcerated. During his adolescent years he stopped talking to his father, but reconciled with him when he turned 18.
As a youth, Robert pursued acting at the Stella Adler Conservatory and Lee Strasberg's Actor's Studio. When he was sixteen, he was given a position in Anton Chekov's play "The Bear" and traveled around the United States.
In 1963, he was given his first role on the silver screen. After a lot of auditioning, he caught the eye of Brian De Palma and was chosen to play in his film "The Wedding Party". He continued to make very low budget films throughout that year, including "Three Rooms in Manhattan", "Greetings", and 1970's "Hi Mom", in which Robert plays an amateur filmmaker who films his neighbors.
In 1973, he had a breakout role as a professional baseball player with a fatal illness in "Bang The Drum Slowly". That same year, he was chosen by Martin Scorsese to star in "Mean Streets" as small time hood Johnny Boy. The film was a success and would be the first of many such collaborations between De Niro and Scorsese.
In 1974, he was chosen to play the role of young Vito Corleone in the sequel to "The Godfather". He gave a great performance and won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. It also gave him the critical acclaim that would lend him more famous roles.
In 1976, he starred in the epic film "Taxi Driver", directed by Martin Scorcese. In the film, Robert plays Travis Bickle, a psychopathic taxicab driver. Travis meets a young twelve year old prostitute played by Jodie Foster and decides to rescue her from her pimp. Along the way, he plots to assassinate a senator. That same year, he married a woman named Diane Abbott.
In 1977, he starred in the musical "New York, New York" alongside Liza Minnelli. Unfortunately, the film was a box office failure, but it did show another side of De Niro.
In 1978, De Niro played another one of his famous roles in the film "Deer Hunter". He played a character named Michael Vronsky who goes to Vietnam with a number of his friends from a small town and their lives are completely changed afterwards. The film features some of the most suspenseful scenes put on film, including the Russian Roulette scene.
In 1980, Robert played a startling role as Jake LaMotta in Scorcese's film "Raging Bull". The film was a biopic of LaMotta's career and downfall as a boxer. De Niro gained a massive amount of weight for the film and won that year's Academy Award for best actor.
In 1983, he starred in another Scorsese picture, "The King of Comedy", with Jerry Lewis. In the film, De Niro plays a stand up comedian who is so obsessed with getting on television that he kidnaps the host of a variety show.
In 1984, he played another notable role as David "Noodles" Aaronson in Sergio Leone's epic "Once Upon a Time in America". The film follows a group of Jewish hoodlums as they progress from young thieves to hardcore criminals in New York City. Unfortunately the film was a moderate failure at the box office, mostly because the studios butchered the film to make it shorter, but it managed to reclaim its fame when an uncut version was released.
In 1985, he played the quirky role of Archibald Tuttle in Terry Gilliam's "Brazil". In 1987, he starred as Al Capone in Brian De Palma's film "The Untouchables", which was about the efforts of the US government to capture Al Capone.
In 1990, De Niro starred in Scorsese's film "Goodfellas". Robert's character Jimmy Conway was based on a real life mobster named James Burke. The film centers around a small gang of mafiosos and features great chemistry between De Niro and costar Joe Pesci.
In 1991, he starred in Scorsese's remake of the classic film "Cape Fear". De Niro's role was that of Max Cady, a convicted rapist who seeks revenge on the lawyer that screwed him over. He gave a chilling performance throughout the film and the film was a massive success, garnering him a nomination for best actor at the Academy Awards.
In 1993, De Niro had his directorial debut with the film "A Bronx Tale". He also played the important role of Lorenzo Anello, a father who tries to protect his son from the influence of a mob boss. The film gained a lot of critical success and showed that De Niro could do just as well behind the camera as in front.
In 1995, De Niro reunited with Scorsese and Joe Pesci in the film "Casino". He portrayed the character of Sam Rothstein, which was based on the real life Vegas executive Frank Rosenthal. Later that year he starred in the epic crime film "Heat" alongside Al Pacino. In the film, he plays a bank robber who plans a major heist before going into retirement, but finds himself facing off against Pacino, who plays a police detective.
From that point forward, De Niro took on more commercial roles, including the "Analyze This/That" and "Meet the Parents" franchises. None of his modern films have generated nearly as much critical acclaim as his early work, but that does not detract much from his unbelievable list of performances. Today he is one of the highest paid and most respected actors in motion pictures.
In 2003, he was diagnosed with prostate cancer, but survived with proper treatment. In 2004, he married for the second time to a woman named Grace Hightower.
Return to the Biographies
During his youth, Robert studied at the Little Red School House and High School of Music and Art. He dropped out when he was thirteen and joined a street gang in Little Italy. Although the gang performed some crimes, it was never anything serious and he was never incarcerated. During his adolescent years he stopped talking to his father, but reconciled with him when he turned 18.
As a youth, Robert pursued acting at the Stella Adler Conservatory and Lee Strasberg's Actor's Studio. When he was sixteen, he was given a position in Anton Chekov's play "The Bear" and traveled around the United States.
In 1963, he was given his first role on the silver screen. After a lot of auditioning, he caught the eye of Brian De Palma and was chosen to play in his film "The Wedding Party". He continued to make very low budget films throughout that year, including "Three Rooms in Manhattan", "Greetings", and 1970's "Hi Mom", in which Robert plays an amateur filmmaker who films his neighbors.
In 1973, he had a breakout role as a professional baseball player with a fatal illness in "Bang The Drum Slowly". That same year, he was chosen by Martin Scorsese to star in "Mean Streets" as small time hood Johnny Boy. The film was a success and would be the first of many such collaborations between De Niro and Scorsese.
In 1974, he was chosen to play the role of young Vito Corleone in the sequel to "The Godfather". He gave a great performance and won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. It also gave him the critical acclaim that would lend him more famous roles.
In 1976, he starred in the epic film "Taxi Driver", directed by Martin Scorcese. In the film, Robert plays Travis Bickle, a psychopathic taxicab driver. Travis meets a young twelve year old prostitute played by Jodie Foster and decides to rescue her from her pimp. Along the way, he plots to assassinate a senator. That same year, he married a woman named Diane Abbott.
In 1977, he starred in the musical "New York, New York" alongside Liza Minnelli. Unfortunately, the film was a box office failure, but it did show another side of De Niro.
In 1978, De Niro played another one of his famous roles in the film "Deer Hunter". He played a character named Michael Vronsky who goes to Vietnam with a number of his friends from a small town and their lives are completely changed afterwards. The film features some of the most suspenseful scenes put on film, including the Russian Roulette scene.
In 1980, Robert played a startling role as Jake LaMotta in Scorcese's film "Raging Bull". The film was a biopic of LaMotta's career and downfall as a boxer. De Niro gained a massive amount of weight for the film and won that year's Academy Award for best actor.
In 1983, he starred in another Scorsese picture, "The King of Comedy", with Jerry Lewis. In the film, De Niro plays a stand up comedian who is so obsessed with getting on television that he kidnaps the host of a variety show.
In 1984, he played another notable role as David "Noodles" Aaronson in Sergio Leone's epic "Once Upon a Time in America". The film follows a group of Jewish hoodlums as they progress from young thieves to hardcore criminals in New York City. Unfortunately the film was a moderate failure at the box office, mostly because the studios butchered the film to make it shorter, but it managed to reclaim its fame when an uncut version was released.
In 1985, he played the quirky role of Archibald Tuttle in Terry Gilliam's "Brazil". In 1987, he starred as Al Capone in Brian De Palma's film "The Untouchables", which was about the efforts of the US government to capture Al Capone.
In 1990, De Niro starred in Scorsese's film "Goodfellas". Robert's character Jimmy Conway was based on a real life mobster named James Burke. The film centers around a small gang of mafiosos and features great chemistry between De Niro and costar Joe Pesci.
In 1991, he starred in Scorsese's remake of the classic film "Cape Fear". De Niro's role was that of Max Cady, a convicted rapist who seeks revenge on the lawyer that screwed him over. He gave a chilling performance throughout the film and the film was a massive success, garnering him a nomination for best actor at the Academy Awards.
In 1993, De Niro had his directorial debut with the film "A Bronx Tale". He also played the important role of Lorenzo Anello, a father who tries to protect his son from the influence of a mob boss. The film gained a lot of critical success and showed that De Niro could do just as well behind the camera as in front.
In 1995, De Niro reunited with Scorsese and Joe Pesci in the film "Casino". He portrayed the character of Sam Rothstein, which was based on the real life Vegas executive Frank Rosenthal. Later that year he starred in the epic crime film "Heat" alongside Al Pacino. In the film, he plays a bank robber who plans a major heist before going into retirement, but finds himself facing off against Pacino, who plays a police detective.
From that point forward, De Niro took on more commercial roles, including the "Analyze This/That" and "Meet the Parents" franchises. None of his modern films have generated nearly as much critical acclaim as his early work, but that does not detract much from his unbelievable list of performances. Today he is one of the highest paid and most respected actors in motion pictures.
In 2003, he was diagnosed with prostate cancer, but survived with proper treatment. In 2004, he married for the second time to a woman named Grace Hightower.
Return to the Biographies
Leprosy
Figure 1.1: Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy is a disease common in third world countries, where unsanitary conditions persist. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae, which was first seen under a microscope by Norway's Dr. Armauer Hansen in 1873. Prior to the discovery that the disease was caused by bacteria, people had thought that it was hereditary or even caused by sin. Leprosy is often referred to as "the living death", since it can ravage the body and leave its victims deformed. It is a disease that attacks the central nervous system, allowing it to impact nearly all areas of the body indirectly. It is typically transmitted in airborne moisture droplets produced by coughing, breathing, and sneezing.
Figure 1.2: A Leper Colony
In the past, victims of leprosy were shunned by society and forced to form leper colonies. In these leper colonies, the infected lived an isolated life, sometimes with the help of outsiders. People developed many misconceptions about the disease, contributing to the highly negative conception of lepers. Once the bacterium enters the body, it begins destroying the nerve endings, leading to a loss of feeling and pain. This loss of sensation causes the victim to endure injuries since they have no way of knowing that their tissues or bones are being damaged until it is too late. These injuries can lead to infection or other complicated conditions. Leprosy can also attack the mucous lining of the nose, causing it to collapse. Once the nerves behind the eye are destroyed, the victim loses ability to blink, causing their eyes to dry out.
Figure 1.3: A Victim of LeprosyThe first semi-successful treatment for leprosy involved injecting patients with the oil of the chaulmoogra nut. This treatment began in the early 20th century, but was replaced in 1941 by the "promin" drug. The treatment was successful, but required excessive numbers of injections. During the 1950s, another treatment was developed by Dr. R.G. Cochrane in the form of dapsone pills. In the later half of the 20th century, the World Heath Organization began advocating a combination of diferent antibiotics to treat leprosy. This multi-drug therapy method has persisted to modern times and is considered the best method of treating the disease. With the development of effective treatment techniques, the disease has become quite rare and leper colonies are uncommon. Scientists worldwide are still working to develop a vaccine for the disease, but funding is scarce since other diseases such as cancer and AIDS are more prevalent and deadly. Today, only 150 people a year are infected in the U.S., a much smaller number than other deadly bacterial diseases like tetanus and syphilis. Worldwide, the number is an average of 500,000 new leprosy cases a year.
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